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1.
In the debates following the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women observed a few days ago, some critical issues have come to the fore. Is it time to advocate for a completely separate apparatus of courts, law enforcement mechanisms and laws for women? What are the strengths and limits of such a proposal? The issue of separate courts for women or family disputes has been a subject of debate for many years. A number of states have already set up special courts for women, including Maharashtra, with proposals pending in Karnataka and Delhi. These courts have taken on different incarnations at the state level with the Maharashtra courts designated as family courts to deal with family disputes and matrimonial matters; the Delhi courts are intended to deal exclusively with rape cases. However, the idea behind the special courts is to deal speedily with atrocities against women.
In 2006, a Bill to set up special courts for women was introduced in the Lok Sabha. The courts are intended to deal primarily with offences of rape, criminal assault, mental injury and sexual harassment against women. The courts are to be presided over by a chief judge, with additional judges appointed depending on the requirement in specific cases, and at least half of the judges’ posts are to be reserved for women.
The idea behind these special courts is that they will provide speedy justice to women and be women-friendly as well. These courts are also intended to provide a more private space for women, especially to rape victims who are frequently traumatized by the trial process that currently exists.
The idea of separate women police cells has also been mooted from time to time. The centre has been advising state governments regarding to steps that need to be taken, especially at the level of law enforcement, to afford greater protection to women and in particular to prevent crimes against them. These advisories include gender sensitization of the police, adopting appropriate measures for swift and effective punishment to public servants found guilty of custodial violence against women, minimizing delays in investigations of murder, rape and torture of women and setting up ‘crimes against women cells’ in districts where they do not exist.
The National Commission for Women has also undertaken visits to various states to review the status of women and conduct its own investigations in certain cases of serious incidents of crime against women. The Commission’s findings indicate that the level of sensitivity and care with which crimes against women are handled is woefully inadequate. It has also observed that the filling of FIRs even in acutely abusive or violent cases continues to be a problem. The setting up of women police cells is one of the ways in which to alleviate these problems.
While proposals for separate courts, police cells and specific laws for women are demands that women themselves are making, there is a need to be alternative to the ways in which such initiatives might actually boomerang. Addressing women’s issues of violence in a separate court structure could sequester women’s issues into a dark corner, where reports of violence and abuse become muted. The role of the media in bringing the spotlight to bear on issues of violence has been crucial.[1] Which of the following was/were the points of debate that followed the celebration of International Day for Elimination of Violence against Women?
(A) Propriety of setting up separate courts for dealing with matters related to atrocities against women
(B) Whether there should be a separate women police cell
(C) Whether there should be a separate set of laws devised exclusively to deal with problem related to women.
(1) A and (B) only
(2) B and C only
(3) A and C only
(4) All are three
(5) None of these[2] Which of the following is definitely TRUE about the courts for women?
(A) Family courts in Maharashtra and special courts for women in the other states have a common ideological base.
(B) Special courts for women in Delhi have been dealing exclusively with rape cases since 2006.
(C) Karnataka State is not in favour of special courts for women.
(1) Only B
(2) Only C
(3) Only A
(4) A and B only
(5) None of these[3] Which of the following is/are the objective(s) of setting up special courts for women?
(A) Hastily disposing of the cases involving women so that the time so saved could be better utilized for settling other disputes.
(B) Providing privacy for hearing so that probable embarrassment of women, particularly rape, victims, is avoided.
(C) Frequently traumatizing the accused of rape victims so that they are duly penalized for their misdeed.
(1) Only A
(2) Only B
(3) Only C
(4) A and C only
(5) None of these[4] Which of the following is NOT similar in meaning to the word “Boomerang” as used in the passage?
(1) Pull back
(2) Bounce back
(3) Rebound
(4) Ricochet
(5) Come back[5] The word “they” in the last line of the fifth paragraph refers to _________
(1) women
(2) crimes
(3) districts
(4) rape and torture
(5) None of these[6] The assumption underlying the proposal for reservation of at least fifty percent posts of judges for women is that __________.
(1) Women have better capability to judge criminal cases
(2) Male judges cannot be impartial in their judgement
(3) male judges are likely to tilt their judgement unduly in favour of women victims
(4) women judges can easily become duly women friendly and still remain impartial
(5) male judges cannot be gender-sensitized easily[7] By establishing separate women police cells, all of the following are likely to be realized EXCEPT –
(1) greater protection to women
(2) prevention of crimes against women
(3) quicker and effective punishment to the guilty of crime against women
(4) punitive action against media unduly highlighting the crimes
(5) None of these[8] The author of the passage seems to be –
(1) apprehensive about the effectiveness of special courts, laws and separate cells for women
(2) in favour of status quo regarding measures to deal with cases against women
(3) a strong opponent of the idea of having separate laws and courts for women
(4) unduly and irrationally against the male members
(5) treating women folk too much vulnerable to crimes[9] Choose the word which is most nearly the SAME in meaning as the word given in bold as used in the passage.
apparatus
(1) premises
(2) machinery
(3) stationery
(4) functions
(5) regulations
[10] Choose the word which is most nearly the SAME in meaning as the word given in bold as used in the passage.
acutely
(1) highly
(2) intentionally
(3) primarily
(4) mechanically
(5) legally
[11] Choose the word which is most nearly the SAME in meaning as the word given in bold as used in the passage.
muted
(1) negligible
(2) nullified
(3) subdued
(4) neutralized
(5) empathetic
[12] Choose the word which is most OPPOSITE in meaning of the word given in bold as used in the passage.
sequester
(1) confiscate
(2) hide
(3) capture
(4) impound
(5) restore
[13] Choose the word which is most OPPOSITE in meaning of the word given in bold as used in the passage.
woefully
(1) dolefully
(2) rudely
(3) significantly
(4) cheerfully
(5) mercilessly
asked in NMAT
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2.
Though the last twenty-five years have seen China dazzle the world with its excellent economic performance it has shied away from playing the kind of active role in international affairs that would seen commensurate with its economic weight. This is because traditionally China’s politics have been defined by the need for economic development above all else. In the past China’s authorities have tended to downplay the country’s international clout, choosing to stress instead its development country status and limited military capabilities. Such modest rhetoric was intended to allay the fears that China’s rise was causing across its immediate neighborhood. That Beijing is finally acknowledging its status as a major player in the international system is evidenced by the fact that the president has formally development a theory of international relations; the concept of harmonious world. The concept, encompassing broad notions of multilateralism, prosperity for all through common development and tolerance for diversity has left world opinion perplexed. These are commendable objectives but the theory is short on specifics regarding the means to achieve them.
China’s recent willingness to be a more active player internationally stems from complex factors. The country’s economic strength – having acquired the largest foreign exchange reserves in the world – is undeniable and reports favour it to be the largest economy in the next quarter of a century. For sustained double digit economic digit economic growth China thus has no choice but to become more active internationally. Moreover as a major proportion of the oil and other natural resources that China needs to feed its growing economy are imported Beijing has to aggressively woo the countries rich in energy resources, which also represent emerging markets for Chinese products. To ensure a stable security environment within the region and thus facilitate economic growth China played an active role in facilitating negotiations with North Korea. Destabilization of a potential flashpoint like the Korean peninsula would lead to a flood of refugees crossing the border, interrupting careful plans economic rejuvenation of China’s North – East. China’s growing influence has caused a shift in the geopolitical status quo and its influence is beginning to replace that of the United States and European powers in Africa. China‘s new diplomacy though has had its share of critics who have expressed their unease at China’s military modernization programme and its willingness to deal with regimes widely condemned as corrupt and oppressive. Despite this when the Africa was in need of aid and infrastructure or the US needed help in negotiating with Korea they turned to China. By taking a lead in a variety of international and regional forums, initiating bilateral and military exchange and dispensing aid and technical assistance in parts of the world where traditional powers are cautious to tread China has signaled that its days of sitting on the sidelines content to let other shape world affairs are emphatically over.[1] What has been the fallout of China’s increased participation in world affairs?
(1) International scrutiny of its economic policies
(2) Growth of corruption among its politicians
(3) Its influence and prestige grow substantially.
(4) Its growth rate has stabilized
(5) None of these[2] Why has China traditionally been a passive spectator in global affairs?
(1) To safeguard its oil resources
(2) To conceal its economic predicament
(3) Economic dominance of the US
(4) To maintain security in its vicinity
(5) To focus on domestic economic growth[3] Which of the following best describes China’s international status?
(1) Cause of insecurity among developing nations
(2) Largest economy in the world
(3) Largest donor of aid to developing countries
(4) Pioneer of implementing a “harmonious world” philosophy
(5) None of these[4] The main purpose behind Beijing’s intervention in North Korea is to –
(1) Ensure that the US acknowledges China’s growing military influence
(2) Prevent any hindrances to its domestic economic development programmes
(3) Protect its financial investment in neighbouring countries
(4) Provide humanitarian assistance to one of its strongest allies Korea
(5) None of these[5] Which of the following CANNOT be said about China’s international relations theory?
(1) The theory is ambiguous in nature
(2) The theory reflects China’s realization that it occupies a vital place in global affairs
(3) It promotes the concept of common development for all nations
(4) It is a theory which explains China’s sustained growth rate
(5) It emphasizes achieving prosperity through universal development.[6] Which of the following is TRUE in the context of the passage?
(1) China’s current political standing internationally is disproportionate to its financial strength
(2) China is a reluctant participant in military dialogues
(3) The harmonious world theory is the only utilitarian remedy to the current challenges facing the world
(4) The US has recognized and acknowledged China’s growing international reputation.
(5) China has stopped dealing with corrupt countries because of international pressure[7] Which of the following is an outcome of Beijing’s role in Africa?
(1) America’s influence in the region has reduced
(2) Instability in the region
(3) The amount of aid from Europe and other countries has doubled
(4) The balance of power in Africa has shifted in favour of Europe over the US
(5) None of theseasked in NMAT
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3.
Scientists seeking view new ways to repair damaged arteries and ailing hearts have coaxed stem cells from a human embryo into forming tiny blood vessels. It’s the first time human embryonic stem cells have been nurtured to the point where they will organize into blood vessels that could nourish the body, according to Robert Langer, leader of a laboratory team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. But it isn’t likely to be the last, as scientists pursue research into uses for stem cells despite debate over the ethics of using the cells. The new development was reported in Tuesday’s online issue of proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Dr. John Gearhart of the Johns Hopkins Schools of Medicine said research was a “nice illustration” of how stem cells can serve as a source of various types of cells, in this case for blood vessels. “I think this is terrific” said Gearhart, who was not part of the research team. “It’s another good example of the isolation of an important cell type from human embryonic stem cells.” “These are the kinds of papers we are going to see a lot of,” Gearhart added. Langer said the work showed that endothelial cells could be made from human embryonic stem cells. Endothelial cells have veins, arteries and lymph tissue. They are key to the structures that carry blood throughout the body. He said that if the technique we refined, scientists would eventually be able to make in the laboratory blood vessels that could be used to replace diseased arteries in the body: “There are thousands of operations a year now where doctors take vessels from one part of the body and transplant them to another,” said Langer. Eventually, he said, such vessels might be made outside the body from embryonic stem cells. Langer said endothelial cells also might be used to restore circulation to cells damaged by heart attacks. He said the processed stem cells may be able to reestablish blood flow to hearts failing due to blocked arteries. The research was conducted under a private grant, but Langer said the cell culture used is one of 61 worldwide that have been approved by the National Institutes of Health for federally funded research. The use of embryonic stem cells is controversial because extracting the cells kills a living human embryo. President Bush last summer decided that federal funding would be permitted only for stem cell cultures that already existed and were made from embryos that were to be discarded by fertility clinics. The aim was to prevent further killing for research purposes of other human embryos. Langer said his lab will seek federal money to continue research using the same stem cell cultures, which were obtained from the Ram Bam Medial Center in Haifa, Israel. Embryonic stem cells are the ancestral cells of every cell in the body. In a developing embryo, they transform into cells that make up the organs, bone, skin and other tissues. Researchers hope to direct the transformation of such cells to treat ailing hearts, livers, brains and other organs. Langer said his team cultured the cells in such a way that they were allowed to develop into the various types of cells that are precursors to mature tissue. From this colony, the researchers extracted cells that were following a linage that would lead to mature endothelial cells. These were further cultured and some eventually formed primitive vascular structures.
[1] Which of the following statements does not follow from the passage?
(1) Fertility clinics collect human embryos.
(2) Human embryos are destroyed is stem cell research
(3) Stem cells are being researched especially for forming blood vessels
(4) Stem cell research uses federal funding[2] Which of the following would be made redundant by the research mentioned?
(1) Sourcing embryonic cells from fertility clinics.
(2) Transplanting of blood vessels from one part to another.
(3) Cardiac operations necessitated by heart attacks.
(4) Performing open heart surgeries.[3] Stem cell research involves?
(1) cell cultures from various genetically altered embryos.
(2) Killing of a live human embryo
(3) wastage of embryo by fertility clinics
(4) genetic cloning of abilitiesasked in NMAT
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4.
In many underdeveloped countries, the state plays an important and increasingly varied role in economic development today. There are four general arguments, all of them related, for state participation in economic development. First, the entrance requirements in terms of financial and capital equipment are very large in industries, and the size of these obstacles will sere as barriers to entry on the part of private investors. One can imagine that these obstacles are imposing in industries such as steel production, automobiles, electronics, and parts of the textiles industry. In addition, there are what Myint calls “technical indivisibilities in social overhead capital.” Public utilities, transport, and communication facilities must be in place before industrial development can occur, and they do not lend themselves to small-scale improvements. A related argument centres on the demand side of the economy. This economy is seen as fragmented, disconnected, and incapable of using inputs from other parts of the economy. Consequently, economic activity in one part of the economy does not generate the dynamism in other sectors that is expected in more cohesive economies. Industrialization necessarily involves many different, sectors; economic enterprises will thrive best in an environment in which they draw on inputs from related economic sectors and, in turn, release their own goods for industrial utilization within their own economies. A third argument concerns the low-level equilibrium trap in which less developed countries find themselves. At subsistence levels, societies consume exactly what they produce. There is no remaining surplus for reinvestment. As per-capita income rises, however, the additional income will not be used for saving and investment. Instead, it will have the effect of increasing the population that will eat up the surplus and force the society to its former subsistence position. Fortunately, after a certain point, the rate of population growth will decrease; economic growth will intersect with and eventually outstrip population growth. The private sector, however, will not be able to provide the one-shot large dose of capital to push economic growth beyond those levels where population increases eat up the incremental advances. The final argument concerns the relationship between delayed development and the state. Countries wishing to industrialize today have more competitors, and these competitors occupy a more differnentiated industrial terrain than previously. This means that the available niches in the international system are more limited. For today’s industrializers, therefore, the process of industrialization cannot be a haphazard affair, not can the pace, content, and direction be left, solely to market forces. Part of the reason for strong state presence, then, relates specifically to the competitive international environment in which modern countries and firms must operate.
[1] What does the author suggest about the “technical indivisibilities in social overhead capital”?
(1) It is a barrier to private investment
(2) It enhances the development effects of private sector investment
(3) It leads to rapid technological progress
(4) It can prevent development from occurring[2] According to the passage, the “low-level equilibrium trap” in underdeveloped countries results from
(1) the inability of market forces to overcome the effects of population growth
(2) intervention of the state in economic development
(3) the tendency for societies to produce more than they can use
(4) the fragmented and disconnected nature of the demand side of the economy.[3] According to the author, a strong state presence is necessary
(1) to provide food for everyone
(2) to provide the capital needed to spur economic growth
(3) to ensure the livelihood of workers
(4) to ensure that people have more than what is necessary for subsistence[4] In the passage, the world ‘cohesive’ means
(1) containing many cohorts or groups
(2) modern and competitive
(3) naturally and logically connected
(4) containing many different sectors[5] In the passage, the word ‘imposing’ means
(1) Something huge
(2) something that strikes a pose
(3) something that obtrudes on others
(4) to act with a delusive effectasked in NMAT
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